In this module, we will provide a comprehensive diagnostic approach to a patient with anemia. In addition to an overview of the three broad mechanisms of anemia and a brief list of differentials, the critical questions to ask in history, such as onset of symptoms and presence of associated symptoms (i.e. weight loss, lymphadenopathy), will be reviewed. Specific findings on physical examination, such as pallor and bruising, and results on investigations, such as serum ferritin levels and bite cells on blood smear, will also be discussed. Lastly, you will learn about management of iron-deficiency anemia, how to recognize symptomatic anemia (as this requires transfusions), and when to refer to a hematologist.